Gold Alloys in Colored Gold Jewelry

When you buy gold jewelry, it isnt pure gold. Your gold is really an alloy, or mixture of metals. The purity or fineness of gold in the jewelry is indicated by its karat number—24 karat (24K or 24 kt) gold is as pure as gold gets for jewelry. Gold that is 24K is also called fine gold and is greater than 99.7% pure gold. Proof gold is even finer, with over 99.95% purity, but it is only used for standardization purposes and is not available for jewelry. So, what are the metals that are alloyed with gold? Gold will form alloys with most metals, but for jewelry, the most common alloying metals are silver, copper, and zinc. However, other metals may be added, especially to make colored gold. Heres a table of the compositions of some common gold alloys: Gold Alloys Color of Gold Alloy Composition Yellow Gold (22K) Gold 91.67%Silver 5%Copper 2%Zinc 1.33% Red Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 25% Rose Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 22.25%Silver 2.75% Pink Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 20%Silver 5% White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Platinum or Palladium 25% White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Palladium 10%Nickel 10%Zinc 5% Gray-White Gold (18K) Gold 75%Iron 17%Copper 8% Soft Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 25% Light Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Copper 23%Cadmium 2% Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 20%Copper 5% Deep Green Gold (18K) Gold 75%Silver 15%Copper 6%Cadmium 4% Blue-White or Blue Gold (18K) Gold 75%Iron 25% Purple Gold Gold 80%Aluminum 20%

Violence and Social Hierarchy in John Steinbecks Of Mice...

In the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’, Steinbeck presents the ranch in a ruthless and brutal way. He portrays a patriarchal society dominated only by white robust men. Steinbeck illustrates the different views and opinions of the social hierarchy in the ranch life. As well as Steinbeck displays the harsh and violent atmosphere where the newcomers are restricted and victimized by the other members of the ranch. Therefore Steinbeck creates a world in his perception where he characterizes the predicaments of women, black people, crippled people and those with mental disabilities revealing the mistreatment and agony they have to encounter. This denotes that Steinbeck portrays the ranch as harsh and violent abode. During the 1930’s there was a rise of unemployment as figures increased from around 3% and over 26% by 1934. This depicts that there were few jobs around for those who were searching for work. This is significant to the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ because many of the characters in the novel are workers trying to make a living out of the ranch. The causes of the great depression was momentous to the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ as the Americans had to endure the harsh and violent life. In addition people had to care for themselves. The violent society of working and living in the cruel surroundings present the sexist attitudes towards women were typically implied. Thus, Steinbeck portrays Curley’s wife as a dangerous and devious woman. This is illustrated in the following quotation

Virtual Distance Structure of Business Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Virtual Distance forStructure of Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction: In todays complicated business era, leaders play a critical role in the structure of business organizations. At present, business firms are facing a new reality of leadership that is virtual distance leadership. This research paper would be helpful to evaluate different constructs of the role of leader in the structure of business firms. In addition to this, the paper would also be beneficial to discuss the diverse forces that have need of strategic organizational change within organizations. The paper would also portray Virtual Distance Leadership Model that is developed by Karen Sobel Lojeski. Along with this, this research paper would also be beneficial to depict that virtual leadership has changed the organizational structure of the business associations. Role of Leaders in Organizations Structure It is true that, leaders make use of organizational structure in order to shape culture all the way through a value-based leadership approach. It is because of a value-based leadership approach is crucial in order to commune organizational values within the organizations. This leadership approach is based on ethical principles such as: integrity, honesty, and social responsibility (Kotter, 2007). Along with this, it should also be noted down that, each and every organization has its own culture and there is not a unique culture that can be appropriate for all the organizations Moreover, values do not have need of a physical existence to be communal between leaders as well as followers. The culture value of all the business organization is integrity, honesty, confidence, open communication, high degree of respect, equality, tendency to measured risks and so on. In addition to this, leaders are full dedicated with the duty to endorse change within the organizations. Leaders are also ca utious for changes in the business environment (Daft, 2010). For this reason, leaders can use organizational structure to form the culture, ethical values, and put up trust in both co-located as well as in virtual organizations. Forces That Drive the Need for Strategic Organizational Change In todays rapidly changing business environment, business organizations must be flexible in order to adopt and implement changes for the success and growth of the organizations. Along with this, these changes are also essential to survive and to accomplish competitive advantages in the globalized world. Moreover, there are numerous environmental forces that compel the need of strategic organizational changes within business firms. For case, technologic change that is related to the modifications of the manufacturing processes is the major force that obliges the need of changes within the organization (Reilly Ehlinger, 2007). This force plays a significant role in order to enhance the productivity and to improve the competence of the organization in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. On the other hand, international economic integration is the other major force that compel require for strategic organizational change. It is because of the economic integration plays a significant role to unite the companies, suppliers, and customers in order to share skills, possessions, and to access another markets in an appropriate way. Moreover, market maturation that is related with the prospective to accomplish more hostile and advantageous export operations, and less regulations is also one of the major force that force the want for strategic organizational change (Selig, LeFave Bullen, 2010). Along with this, the fall of communist socialist regimes is also the other force because of it offers more opportunities, few barriers, and big markets to business organizations to survive in todays more complex business era. In addition to this, the leaders play a critical role in order to implement the culture, strategy, and structural changes within the organizations in an effective and an appropriate way. For case, the leaders of business firms emphasize their attention on the establishment of direction, alignment of people, and inspiration of employees to implement the changes in a proper way. Moreover, leaders develop a common goal, find the right people, and put up trust to build coalitions in order to implement changes within organizations in a more comprehensive way (Popescu, Li, Klamma, Leung Specht, 2012). The leaders also develop learning leadership skills in order to execute cultural as well as structural changes in an effective way. Lojeski's Virtual Distance Leadership Model In 2010, Lojeski developed Virtual Distance Leadership Model that is very helpful for the leaders in order to communicate their vision, motivate people, and to diminish the risk of failure in an effective way. In this model, Lojeskis includes three sets of factors such as: physical distance, operational distance, and affinity distance that can contribute to virtual distance (Lojeski, 2009). The below given diagram represents the three elements of the virtual distance leadership model: (Source: Lojeski, 2010). According to this model, the first element physical distance consists of geographical, temporal, and organizational distances that have an impact on the success of organizations but do not create virtual distance within the organizations. Along with this, the second element operational distance takes in communications distance, readiness distance, multitasking, etc. Moreover, an organization may change these operational elements in an easy way. But, if the business firms make changes only in a single element then it will not influence the overall performance of the organizations (Lojeski Reilly, 2008). Apart from this, the third element affinity distance is the most important element of this model that includes cultural, social, relationship, and interdependence distance. This element is very important because of in this factor team members share cultural values and work accordingly to accomplish the goals and objectives in an effective and an appropriate manner. In this way, with t he help of this model, the virtual leaders can reduce virtual distance and also improve overall performance of the organizations. Virtual Leadership Has Changed Scene of Organizational Structure and Leader's Role It is true that, in current, virtual leadership has changed the organizational structure and also changed the role of leaders. These days, virtual leaders are obligate to adopt new environmental requests such as: the need to remove the cross-cultural barriers in order to establish a strong engagement even though the distance, languages time zone, and work schedule discrepancies (Lines Scholes-Rhodes, 2013). Along with this, the major challenges that virtual leadership is facing are the execution of sophisticated technology, the completion of an effective collaboration among people of different countries, and the need to put up coalitions across geographic distances. On the other hand, virtual leadership is also playing an important role to regulate business organizations as per the environmental challenges in order to establish as well as maintain trust among the people of diverse cultures. Virtual leaders also amend their roles and also adjust their thoughts as per the requirements of the business organizations. Moreover, Virtual leaders always perform their assigned responsibilities in the pre-determined time period in order to accomplish the strategic goals of the organizations effectively (Mia, Torben Nicolai, 2011). For that reason, it can be said that, virtual leadership totally changed the prospect of organizational structure and also hanged the roles of leaders of the business firms. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be assumed that, virtual leadership has become an important phenomenon for the business organizations. Moreover, virtual leaders also play a crucial role to provide shape to the culture as well as values and to establish trust in co-located as well as in virtual organizations. Along with this, it is also observed that, virtual leaders provide opportunities to business firms to operate their business in a more innovate and an unique manner. References Daft, R. L. (2010). Organizational theory and design. USA: Cengage Learning. Kotter, J.P. (2007). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Lines, H., Scholes-Rhodes, J. (2013). Touchpoint Leadership: Creating Collaborative Energy across Teams and Organizations. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. Lojeski, K.S. (2009). Leading the Virtual Workforce: How Great Leaders Transform Organizations in the 21st Century. USA: John Wiley Sons. Lojeski, K.S. (2010). Leading the Virtual Workforce: How Great Leaders Transform Organizations in the 21st Century. USA: John Wiley Sons. Lojeski, K.S., Reilly, R.R. (2008). Uniting the Virtual Workforce: Transforming Leadership and Innovation in the Globally Integrated Enterprise. USA: John Wiley Sons. Mia, R., Torben, P., Nicolai, F. (2011).Why a central network position isnt enough: The role of motivation and ability for knowledge sharing in employees network. Academy of Management 54(6), 1277-1297. Popescu, E., Li, Q., Klamma, R., Leung, H., Specht, M. (2012). Advances in Web-based Learning - ICWL 2012: 11th International Conference, Sinaia, Romania, September 2-4, 2012. Proceedings. USA: Springer. Reilly, A.H., Ehlinger, S. (2007). Choosing a values-based leader: An experimental exercise. Journal of Management Education 31(2), 245-263. Selig, G.J., LeFave, R., Bullen, C. V. (2010). Implementing Strategic Sourcing. UK: Van Haren.

Digital Modulation Schemes Evolution Systems - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Digital Modulation Schemes Evolution Systems. Answer: Introduction The case is about the LTE cellular networks which is mainly for handling the mobile communication technology using the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. It is mainly based on the increased capacity and the speed that makes use of the different interface of the radio with the network improvements. The specifications are related to the working and handling the 4G LTE which relates to the advancements of the WiMAX, evolvement of the high-speed packet access and the LTE to bring the change in the 3G technologies. The LTE Advanced is for the 3GP standards which includes the technological advancements with the higher flexibility of the radio interface that mainly aims to handle and bridge the gap between the 3rd and the 4th generation. The 3GPP works on the requirements which includes the systems that support the peak data rates for 100Mbps in the downlink. The downlink is averaged with the user throughput and the spectrum efficiency. The OFDM is for the utilization of the digita l multi-carrier modulation methods, where the data is transmitted on the different narrow band subcarriers. The LTE downlink make use of OFDM, where the uplink is mainly for the different types of the modulation schemes, which is known as the single-carrier frequency division multiplexity. The OFDM is for the high peak to average the power ratio that requires to work on the linear power amplifier with the overall forms of the lower efficiency. The poor quality is for the operations of the battery handsets with the SC FDMA that has a lower PAPR which is for the portable implementation. The LTE provides the spectral efficiency which is mainly for the higher data rates with the permits that are set for the different multiple users. [3] There are divisions which are for the specific channels and for carrying the spacing in the subcarriers that are orthogonal. It mainly comes with the subcarrier spacing and handling the LTE Channel spacing, where the high speed of the serial data need to be transmitted which is then divided into the slower streams as well with the modulation to one of the subca rriers. OFDM makes the use of the frequency and the time that is mainly for the handling of data spread. With this, there is a need to analyze the higher speeds with the signal reliability. It is based on the subcarriers and how the data is set with different symbols that are for the multiple bits like Q PSK 2 bits, 16QAM 4 bits, and 64QAM 6 bits. [4] The range with the higher-level modulation is set with the higher rate of data. The check is on handling the deals with the assignment of the multiple users with the shared forms of the communication resource. The OFDMA scheme is based on working with the DFT processing and handling the elements which are related to the lower PAPR with the benefits related to the reduced cost of the power amplifier. With this, the analysis is based on the performance gaps which are small and the SC-FDMA advantage is mainly of the lower PAPR that is for the uplink wireless transmission taking hold of the communication system. [5] The constellation symbols are for the sequence of bits which are transmitted like BPSK (Size=1), QPSK (L=M2), and M-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. There are different transmitter users which are assigned for the different Fourier coefficients to mainly handle the mapping and the de-mapping of the blocks. The receiver side is for the de-mapping block with IDFT and detection for the user signals. The guard intervals with the cyclic repetition are introdu ced with the symbols which are mainly for the time spread factors mainly by the multi-path proportion. In SC-FDMA, the multiple access is mainly among the users which is made possible through the assignment of the different users that tends to take a set for the non-overlapping of the Fourier coefficients and the sub-carriers. [6] The SC-FDMA is mainly to take hold of the single carrier transmit signal with OFDMA that is for the transmission scheme. The subcarrier mapping could be localized and the distributed mapping. The localized mapping is set with the DFT outputs that are set of the consecutive subcarriers mainly to confine to the system fraction. Here, the case is related to the occupied forms of the subcarriers that are spaced over the entire bandwidth. The major advantages of OFDM are the efficient use of the spectrum which is set for the overlapping with divisions of the channel that is set into the narrowband flat fading sub channels. It is mainly resistant to the frequency which is for the selective fading than the single carrier systems. The elimination of the ISI and IFI is mainly using the cyclic prefix, where the use of the adequate channel coding and the interleaving is where one can easily recover the symbols that are lost due to the selectivity of the frequency. The channel equalization is simple with the use of adaptive equalization techniques and the single carrier systems. [7] The possibility is based on handling the reasonable forms of the complexity measures. The OFDM is also for the use of the maximum likelihood with the focus on the use of FFT techniques that are set with the modulation and the demodulation of the functions. It is seen that they are less sensitive to the sampling timing offsets and has been set for the different types of the system carriers. The protection is mainly against any type of co-channel interference with the parasitic noise that is set like the amplitude and the large dynamic range which requires to handle the RF power amplifiers with the higher peak to the average ratio of power. OFDM is the form of the signal modulation which can divide the higher rate of the data that has been set on the modulating stream and is then placed on the slow forms of the modulated narrowband spaced subcarriers. The modulation is mainly adopted with the Wi-Fi Arena where the standards like 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11ac are equipped with the telecommunication. The broadcasting standards are set with the adoption to the Digital Radio Model which is for the long and the short-wave bands. The system includes the spaced modulated carriers where the modulation is in the form of the data and the voice. It is, then applied to the sidebands which is spread with all the important forms of the receiver to be able to handle the signal with the data demodulation. The signals are then transmitted to the other which are spaced and worked on through the easy processes. The requirements are based on working over the receiving and transmitting systems which are linear. For the non-linearity, there is an interference which is mainly set in between the carriers. This is the result for the inter-modulation distortion designing with introduction of some of the unwanted signals that leads to cause the interference with the impairing of the orthogonality of the transmission. The patterns are based on working over the multi-carrier systems with OFDM focusing on the RF final amplifier where the output of the transmitter can handle the peak with the lower average power. Along with this, the efficiency is also measured based on how the carriers of the signal are measured with easily handling the payload. [8] This reduce the data rate that is taken by each carrier. The major focus is on the interference with the distribution of data that is set with some advantages. The system is based on the handling of the peak data rates which are for 100 Mbps for the downlink and for 50 Mbps which is for the uplink. Here, the downlink and the uplink is for the user throughput per MHz where there are 5% point of the CDF. The requirements are based on the higher degree of commonality of functionality with flexibility to support and work on the different range of the services and the applications in the effective manner. This will help in improving the user-friendly applications, services and the equipment with the worldwide roaming capability and the enhancement in the peak data rates that are set for handling the advancement of the services and the applications. The LTE advanced requirements are based on meeting the increased peak data rates to reach the ITU requirements based on improvement of the cell edge data. The other requirements are based on working over the peak data rates which are related to the latency, system that can support the downlink peak sp ectral efficiency with the configurations based on defining the base of the coverage with inter-site distance of 500m and the pedestrian users. The advancement is set with the features of the downlink and the uplink implementation where the SC-FDMA is for the configuration with the equalization that is at the receiver side, with DFT calculations and handling the frequency selective fading and phase distortion. [9] The major advantage is based on working with the equalization process which is achieved through the receiver side after the calculation of DFT is done. With OFDM, the user requirements are based on the ability to handle the channel conditions and then work on the attenuation for the higher frequency with the long copper wire. The narrowband interference with the frequency selective fading is mainly set due to the multi-path. This is to take hold of the higher spectral efficiency which is then compared to the other kinds of the double sideband modulation schemes. They are important and efficiency based on the implementation using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). The accuracy with the frequency synchronization is mainly in between the receiver and the transmitter which includes the cross talk between the sub-carriers. The effects are based on the forms which include the worsening of the speed with the simplified type of the equalization process that is caused by the multipath propagation. [10] The OFDMA is for the multiuser version with the frequency that is defined for the multiple access and to handle the assigning of the subsets to the different individual users. They are mainly to allow the lower data rates that are set from the different users. The focus is on allowing the simultaneous low data rate transmission from the different users with the improvement of the robustness and the fading with the needs of the modification to the air interface. This will also enable the single frequency network coverage with resistance and gain to the frequency selective fading. Conclusion The performance of the systems of LTE is based on the Shannon limit which is based on managing the higher rates of the data. Along with this, there is a need to focus on the signal to noise ratios where the approaches are based on the improvement of the values. One can easily meet the higher peak data rate requirements with the compatibility set through the different LTE carrier components. [4] The implantation could also be helpful for the improvement of the data rates with the use of the different antenna system. The coordination is based on involving the transmission points and then setting the network node paths with the long distances where the other nodes are eliminated, thereby, allowing the higher data rate patterns. References Saleem M, Ali M, Ali A. Location Awareness Impact on Long Term Evolution (LTE) System. Evolution. 2016 Feb;135(3). Krishna P, Kumar TA, Rao KK. M-QAM BER and SER Analysis of Multipath Fading Channels in Long Term Evolutions (LTE). International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition. 2016;9(1):361-8. Zhang G, Pan KJ, Tsai AY, inventors; Interdigital Technology Corporation, assignee. Method and apparatus for synchronization in an ofdma evolved utra wireless communication system. United States patent application US 15/094,720. 2016 Apr 8. Yassin M, AboulHassan MA, Lahoud S, Ibrahim M, Mezher D, Cousin B, Sourour EA. Survey of ICIC techniques in LTE networks under various mobile environment parameters. Wireless Networks. 2017 Feb 1;23(2):403-18. Dhakal S, Farkas J, Hombs B, Nokhodberiz SS, inventors; Collision Communications, Inc., assignee. Methods systems, and computer program products for calibrating amplitude hardware-induced distortion in a long term evolution (LTE) communications system. United States patent US 9,693,319. 2017 Jun 27. Al-Musawi, H.K., Cseh, T., Bohata, J., Pesek, P., Ng, W.P., Ghassemlooy, Z., Udvary, E., Zvanovec, S. and Ijaz, M., 2016, July. Fundamental investigation of extending 4G-LTE signal over MMF/SMF-FSO under controlled turbulence conditions. InCommunication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), 2016 10th International Symposium on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Das U, Das SP, Kumar S, Kumar Y, Singh S, Nayak D. Performance enhancement of OFDM system by reducing PAPR using DFT spreading technique. InRecent Trends in Electronics, Information Communication Technology (RTEICT), IEEE International Conference on 2016 May 20 (pp. 886-887). IEEE. Joung JS, Choi SC, Lim YH, Jang BK, inventors; Innowireless Co., Ltd., assignee. Apparatus for measuring EVM of PHICH in LTE system. United States patent US 9,603,130. 2017 Mar 21. Birchall J, de Falco PE, Morris K, Beach M. Efficiency enhancement of M2M communications over LTE using adaptive load pull techniques. InRadio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), 2017 IEEE 2017 Jan 15 (pp. 26-28). IEEE. Chandra A, Wang J, Terry SE, inventors; Interdigital Technology Corporation, assignee. Quality of service based resource determination and allocation apparatus and procedure in high speed packet access evolution and long term evolution systems. United States patent application US 15/400,788. 2017 Jan 6.