Parenting Style In The Kite Runner - Free Essay Example

Kite Runner Final Paper Parents play an integral role in their childrs life. Each parenting style has a different influence on a child, determining how one will interact with their peers and develop future relationships once their in the real world. In the Kite Runner, By reading through the psychoanalytic lens, itrs clear to see that Babars authoritative and uninvolved style is problematic and has a negative effect on Amir and their relationship. The first sign of Babars uninvolved parenting style is his lack of involvement in his sonrs life. When Amir was asking his dad if he could sit with him and his friends, trying to enter his dadrs smoking room, Baba kept on blocking him from coming in. Go on now, hed say. This is grown-ups time. Why dont you go read one of those books of yours, (3). Baba not engaging in his sonrs life makes it difficult for Amir. He is constantly yearning for his fatherrs love and attention. He ends up being jealous of Babars relationship with Hassan. As of result, this leads Amir to not having any guidance, a real father figure to nurture him and teach him. In addition to Babars uninvolved parenting style, hers shows very little warmth and affection towards Amir. Amir was told a story about his dad fighting a bear with his bare hands how no one would even question his fatherrs strength, any story about Baba for that matter. Amir would have dreams multiple times about his father wrestling with a bear, leaving Baba with scars all down his back. And in those dreams, I can never tell Baba from the bear, (9). A bear represents power and strength, but therers also a coldness to Baba. Amir is left emotionally withdrawn by his father. Amirrs dreams indicates that there is a distance in his relationship with his father. Their relationship becomes the motive behind Amir betraying Hassan because he saw how much attention Baba was giving to Hassan instead. Finally, Babars aggressiveness is a sign of this parenting style. Amir is in the smoking room with Baba, sitting on his lap and talking about what he learned in school. Baba then tells Amir what he thinks about sin. Youll never learn anything from those bearded idiots. Piss on the beards of all those self-righteous monkeys, (12). Amir tries to live up to his fatherrs demands and high standards and doesnt want to disappoint him. He spends time with Baba to succeed at his fatherrs demands, but therers a part of Amir that stands back and kind of hesitates because he feels as if his father is already disappointed in him. Last but not least, the final sign of Babars authoritative parenting style is he sets some ground rules, specifically on stealing. Baba tells Amir about the act of theft being a sin and if he ever came across a man who committed such an act, they would suffer the consequences. There is no act more wretched than stealing, Amir, Baba said. I spit on such man, (14). Once again, we see Amir fearing his dad; the fact that Baba would say that he would spit on a man. This leaves Amir terrified of his father, with his sort of militant behavior. In conclusion, we see Amir gradually learn how to stand up not only for himself, but for others. He stood up to his enemy, Assef, after being put down by him for so long. He stood up to Sohrab when the General Taheri called Sohrab a hazara boy. Even though the book doesnt end a good note, we see Amir making strives to become a better individual and a father figure, nurturing and giving sohrab the love and attention that he never got as a child.

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes -troph or -trophy

The affixes (troph and -trophy) refer to nourishment, nutrient material, or the acquisition of nourishment. It is derived from the Greek trophos, which means one who nourishes or is nourished. Words Ending In: (-troph) Allotroph (allo - troph): Organisms that get their energy from food obtained from their respective environments are allotrophs. Autotroph (auto-troph): an organism that is self nourishing or capable of generating its own food. Autotrophs include plants, algae, and some bacteria. Autotrophs are producers in food chains. Auxotroph (auxo-troph): a strain of microorganism, such as bacteria, that has mutated and has nutritional requirements that differ from the parent strain. Biotroph (bio - troph): Biotrophs are parasites. They do not kill their hosts as they establish a long-term infection as they get their energy from living cells. Bradytroph (brady - troph): This term refers to an organism that experiences very slow growth without the presence of a particular substance. Chemotroph (chemo-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients through chemosynthesis (oxidation of inorganic matter as a source of energy to produce organic matter). Most chemotrophs are bacteria and archaea living in very harsh environments. They  are known as  extremophiles  and can thrive in extremely hot, acidic, cold, or salty habitats. Electrotroph (electro - troph): Electrotrophs are organisms that can obtain their energy from an electric source. Embryotroph (embryo-troph): all the nourishment  supplied to mammalian embryos, such as the nourishment that comes from the mother through the placenta. Hemotroph (hemo-troph): nutritive materials supplied to mammalian embryos through the blood supply of the mother. Heterotroph (hetero-troph): an organism, such as an animal,  that relies on organic substances for nourishment. These organisms are consumers in food chains. Histotroph (histo-troph): nutritive materials, supplied to mammalian embryos, derived from maternal tissue other than blood. Metatroph (meta-troph): an organism that requires complex nutritive sources of carbon and nitrogen for growth. Necrotroph (necro - troph): Unlike biotrophs, necrotrophs are parasites that kill their host and survive on the dead remains. Oligotroph (oligo - troph): Oligotrophs are organisms that can live in places with very few nutrients. Phagotroph (phago-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients by phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting organic matter). Phototroph (photo-troph): an organism that obtains nutrients by using light energy to convert inorganic matter into organic matter through photosynthesis. Prototroph (proto-troph): a microorganism that has the same nutritional requirements as the parent strain. Words Ending In: (-trophy) Atrophy (a-trophy): a wasting away of an organ or tissue due to lack of nourishment or nerve damage. Atrophy can also be caused by poor circulation, inactivity or lack of exercise, and excessive cell apoptosis. Axonotrophy (axono - trophy): This term refers to axon destruction due to a disease. Cellulotrophy (cellulo - trophy): Cellulotrophy refers to the digestion of cellulose, an organic polymer. Chemotrophy (chemo - trophy): This term refers to an organism making its energy by the oxidation of molecules. Dystrophy (dys-trophy):  a degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate nutrition. It also refers to a set of disorders characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy (muscular dystrophy). Eutrophy (eu-trophy):  refers to proper development due to healthy nutrition. Hypertrophy (hyper-trophy): excessive growth in an organ or tissue due to increase in cell size, not in cell numbers. Myotrophy (myo-trophy): nourishment of the muscles. Oligotrophy (oligo-trophy): a state of poor nutrition. Often refers to an aquatic environment that lacks nutrients but has excess levels of dissolved oxygen. Onychotrophy (onycho-trophy): nourishment of the nails. Osmotrophy (osmo-trophy): the acquiring of nutrients through the uptake of organic compounds by osmosis. Osteotrophy (osteo-trophy): nourishment of bone tissue. Oxalotrophy (oxalo - trophy): This term refers to the metabolism of oxalates or oxalic acid by organisms. Words Beginning With: (troph-) Trophallaxis (tropho-allaxis): exchange of food between organisms of the same or different species. Trophallaxis typically occurs in insects between adults and larvae. Trophobiosis (tropho-bi-osis): a symbiotic relationship in which one organism receives nourishment and the other protection. Trophobiosis is observed in relationships between some ant species and some aphids. The ants protect the aphid colony, while the aphids produce honeydew for the ants. Trophoblast (tropho-blast): outer cell layer of a blastocyst that attaches the fertilized egg to the uterus and later develops into the placenta. The trophoblast provides nutrients for the developing embryo. Trophocyte (tropho-cyte):  any cell that provides nutrition. Trophopathy (tropho-pathy):  Ã‚  a disease due to a disturbance of nutrition.

Essay on The First Industrial Revolution - 2069 Words

Imagine living in a world without electricity, transportation, lights, or modern technology. Envisioning life without the gadgets and gizmos we enjoy today may seem bizarre, but our society remains dependent on the inventions of the turn of the 18th century to feed, clothe and sustain itself. The First Industrial Revolution occurred during the beginning of the 18th century and would merge with the Second Industrial Revolution in 1850. It was a time of great change in America and the world. The previously miniscule GDP, the Gross Domestic Product (Webster, 1), began to shoot skyward with implementation of an array of new inventions, the use of steam power, and the cotton gin, which vastly increased the ability of farmers and manufacturers†¦show more content†¦Yet the population had no room left in the frame of the prevailing system of production to grow or live. Work in the factories was salvation to the people who thronged into plants for no reason other than to improve thei r standard of living† (Mises , 1). Though living conditions may seem bad during the early Industrial Revolution when compared to now, American society had reached a critical point. The only future for many people, particularly the Irish and German immigrants, was in the budding factories or on the virgin prairie. It would be unfair to not point out that the revolution offered a new life to many people. Working provided failed farmers, immigrants, and women work they could never gotten before. People had an opportunity to work for a better life, creating a chance for social mobility, which existed nowhere else in the world than the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution was a time of innovation which led to the mass manufacturing of many of the things we now take for granted like tractors, plows, machinery, textiles, and interchangeable parts, without which American society as we know it would have become stagnated by the sod of the prairie. The growing population would have simply been doomed to starvation and peasantry as it had been in medieval Europe. The changes taking place in the American way of life were closely related to theShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The First Industrial Revolution1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution Envision living in a society dominated by factories that just recently transformed from arable land and farms. Imagine constantly hearing about brand new inventions and ideas that were deemed impossible only a few years ago. Visualize working long hours in cramped factories, in exchange for low pay and contagious diseases. For some people that lived during the age of industrialization, this was their reality of life. During the 18th and 19th century, the world wasRead MoreThe First Signs Of Industrial Revolution1509 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial revolution started in 1750 Europe, namely Britain. (It moved over into the United States around the late 17th century--early 18th century). At first it was about upgrading people living standards. Before the industrial revolution many Americans worked as farmers. A farmer could usually make his own shoes, and the women spent their days making soap and candles. They also cooked, raised the kids, and spun yarn. Any manufacturing was done at home such as clothing, furniture, tools, clothRead MoreThe First And Second Industrial Revolutions2597 Words   |  11 PagesThe first and second industrial revolutions reconstructed the global economy. Manufacturing shifted from the simple artisan shop to the massive factory. The idea and practice of the local small business slowly faded, as the concept of corporation grew. These corporations had a simple goal: make profit, cut competition, repeat. Manufacturers and other large corporations did anything to achieve this goal, and strived to do it as cheaply as possible. In order to lower costs, they often cut workers’Read MoreEssay on Thoughts on the First Industrial Revolution1888 Words   |  8 PagesThoughts on the First Industrial Revolution The Era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred agriculture, textiles and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England. This period is appropriately or inappropriately classified as a revolution, for this period completely destroyed the old ways of doing things; yet these changes did not occur in an abrupt change as the word revolution implies. TheRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The First World War2036 Words   |  9 PagesPrior to the Industrial Revolution, the workers in Western society mainly worked with agriculture. The economy depended on agriculture but this began to change at the start of the Industrial Revolution which dates back to 1712 with the invention of the steam engine. This invention led to a plethora of breakthroughs for industries such as the coal and iron industries. As a result of the enclosure movement, the poor who did not have a home were hired to work in the fields or in the cotton industryRead MoreEssay on The First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution: Progressing Society The First Industrial Revolution modified every aspect of daily life. According to Princeton University â€Å"Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants† (Princeton par. 6). The First Industrial Revolution brought along machines, a capitalist economy, and trade expansion. Machines increased productivity, capitalistRead MoreThe First Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1889 Words   |  8 PagesThe First Industrial Revolution started prior to the 18th century in the 1700’s. The prior events that started up the industrial revolution began with some innovations that were very basic, but are key to the rise of the revolution. These were small hand tools, which had been created to work on houses/barns, live stalk, and so on. The most basic machines were invented in this time too, but giving the time for a revolution to app ear through these new ideas that had been created. The first IndustrialRead MoreWhy Did the Industrial Revolution First Begin in England?806 Words   |  4 PagesWhy was Britain the first country to industrialize? The industrial revolution, which occurred during the hundred years after 1780, was a true european revolution. It was in England that the industrial revolution first took hold. This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. Having used wood for heat instead of coal, Britain was left with large deposits of coal remaining to fuel the new ideas. Any raw suppliesRead MoreThe Labor Force since the First Industrial Revolution Essays912 Words   |  4 PagesLabor Force During the first Industrial Revolution, many social standards of the community were starting to change. Since there were new spinning and weaving machines available, the textile mill factories were built to increase their profit. The people who established these mills hired children and women to decrease their labor cost by paying them low wages and having poor working conditions for them as well. The Labor force impacted American culture through various means such as the child laborRead MoreThe Western Military Trajectory During The Gunpowder And First Industrial Revolutions2121 Words   |  9 Pagesthe impetuses for a military revolution stemming from non-Western stimuli. Innovations such as the composite bow (introduced by the Hyksos), cavalry (accredited to Assyria and Persia), the stirrup (attributed to China), gunpowder (China), crossbow (China), and cannons (China) have been attributed to non-Western regions; however, it is the Western militaries that exploited these innova tions to their full deadly potential and in the process created military revolutions. This paper will discuss how

The Machine Stops A Cautionary Vision - 906 Words

â€Å"The Machine Stops† – A Cautionary Vision Science fiction is a literary genre that explores potential consequences related to scientific innovations. It is largely based on the idea of writing rationally about alternative worlds or futures. Provided adequate knowledge of the past and present world, science fiction tales provide realistic speculations of possible future events (ReadWriteThink). E.M. Forster’s story The Machine Stops can be regarded as a work of apocalyptic science fiction in that it is a cautionary vision of the future. Through speculation and storytelling literature belonging to the genre of apocalyptic science fiction provides a means of understanding the world. What is chilling about the story The Machine Stops are the similarities that it has to social media, the internet and other technologies. All of which have significantly empowered, disrupted and seduced the modern age. The story The Machine Stops describes an era where humans trade first hand experience for a life situated in front of a screen, known as the â€Å"machine† (Forster 1). In the constructed future Forster describes a life where people are confined to â€Å"a small room, hexagonal in shape, like the cell of a bee [and] it is lighted neither by window nor by lamp, yet it is filled with a soft radiance (Forster 1).† With a touch of a button the machine provides human necessities; food, water, light, and screened social interaction. Human contact is only ever encountered when one travels via theShow MoreRelated John D. Rockefeller Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pageserase the memory of his predatory business practices. Who was Rockefeller? Was he a ruthless businessman who only wanted to belittle the American dream of small business people who believed in hard work and determinedness, or was he someone who had a vision for making a more efficient and established America?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The world’s first billionaire, John D. Rockefeller Sr. held ninety percent of the world’s oil refineries, ninety percent of the marketing of oil, and a third of all the oil wells. WorkingRead MoreEssay on John D. Rockefeller1369 Words   |  6 Pageserase the memory of his predatory business practices. Who was Rockefeller? Was he a ruthless businessman who only wanted to belittle the American dream of small business people who believed in hard work and determinedness, or was he someone who had a vision for making a more efficient and established America? The worlds first billionaire, John D. Rockefeller Sr. held ninety percent of the worlds oil refineries, ninety percent of the marketing of oil, and a third of all the oil wells. Working methodicallyRead MoreShaping Strategy in a World of Constant Disruption5878 Words   |  24 Pages| Harvard Business Review 81 Shaping Strategy in a World of Constant Disruption with Microsoft in the early 1980s is a classic example. In essence, he said that computing power was moving inexorably from centralized mainframes to desktop machines. Companies that wanted to be leaders in the computer industry needed to be on the desktop. It’s one thing to coin a persuasive slogan – â€Å"The desktop is the future!† – and something else entirely to get others to invest in fulï ¬ lling its promise. InRead MoreFtv 106a Essay9564 Words   |  39 Pagesmotion picture camera o Dubbed â€Å"The Wizard of Menlo Park† – credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory o 1887 – Phonograph, Edison’s talking machine prompted him to think about projected photographs o Edison and Muybridge meet in 1888 and discuss uniting the zoopraxiscope with the photograph – neither machine could accomplish their goal: â€Å"to combine, and reproduce simultaneously, in the presence of an audience, visible actions and audible words† o 1896 – Edison’s kinetoscopeRead More HW2 Case Studies Classic Executive V2 4 Essay6307 Words   |  26 Pagesimportantly, Roberti claims that although GEs Internet activities will give the company a boost, it will take its competitors only a few months to catch up, leaving GE without any competitive advantage. 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Form fits function: howRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages445 Historical Roots of Empowerment 446 Dimensions of Empowerment 447 Self-Efficacy 447 Self-Determination 448 Personal Consequence 449 Meaning 449 Trust 450 Review of Empowerment Dimensions 451 How to Develop Empowerment 451 Articulating a Clear Vision and Goals 452 Fostering Personal Mastery Experiences 453 Modeling 454 Providing Support 454 Emotional Arousal 455 Providing Information 456 Providing Resources 457 Connecting to Outcomes 457 Creating Confidence 458 Review of Empowerment PrinciplesRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesDoing. . . . . . . . . . . 93 Planning Strategically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Planning—The Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Environment—The Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Values and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 GoalsRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesproducts (a system called crafts production) were being replaced by large factories in which sophisticated machines controlled by hundreds or even thousands of unskilled or semiskilled workers made products. For example, raw cotton and wool, which in the past had been spun into yarn by families or whole villages working together, were now shipped to factories where workers operated machines that spun and wove large quantities of yarn into cloth. Owners and managers of the new factories found themselvesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesfactors—such as rapid population growth, rampant consumerism, and global warfare—that have contributed to global climate change. Tucker concludes his rather pessimistic assessment of these key dimensions of the twentieth-century experience with cautionary explorations of key sources of our increased recognition and understanding of these processes and their implications for life on the planet, as well as with an overview of some of the measures that have been proposed for bringing them under control

Evolution of Democracy and the Athenian Constitution Essay

Evolution of Democracy and the Athenian Constitution Democracy is defined in modern times as government by the people. To put that in perspective and better understand all that democracy entails we must consider its origins. It is surprising indeed that even today tyrannies and dictatorships exist in the world when more than two and a half thousand years ago the ancient Athenians had developed a functional and direct form of democracy. What contributed to this remarkable achievement and how it changed the socio-political scene in Athens is what will be considered in this paper. The paper will have three sections, each detailing the various stages of political development from the kings of†¦show more content†¦Honor was a competitive concept in Greek society. This held true not only for individuals but also for the highly competitive city states or poleis. Hence they were constantly at war with each other whether to add to their holdings or on issues of politics with the losing side ending up enslaved (for example the Messenians who were defeated and enslaved by the Spartans). This constant internal military pressure was the very catalyst that caused gradual changes over hundreds of years. Since kings were hereditary therefore it was always not possible to find a capable general as well as administrator in one person. The inevitable result was that the ancient warrior class--the aristocrats who formed the bulk of the army as the cavalry by virtue of owning horses-took the power of the general for themselves. This was the beginning of the second s tage in the development of the constitution. Thus the office of Polemarch (leader in war) was instituted due to incompetence in war of some kings (Aristotle and Xenophon, p: 148). Consequently the office of Archon was established to manage the administration of the state and now the king, who was called King Archon, was left with only the vestigial religious functions. According to Aristotle, for the early offices the tenure was initially for life and then for ten years. Though his descriptionsShow MoreRelatedAthenian Democracy Influenced Western Political Thought1013 Words   |  5 Pagesintend to show that ancient Athenian democracy influenced western political thought, specifically, western democracies. By influencing such modern day democracies, ancient Greek culture remains a presence in contemporary life. Introduction Approximately 2500 years ago a series of changes and reformations in political thought led to the creation of the ancient Athenian democracy. Through the changes implemented by Solon and Cleisthenes during the Golden Age of Greece, democracy was born in Athens. AlthoughRead MoreRole Of Democracy In Western Civilization1325 Words   |  6 PagesDemocracy in Western Civilization How has democracy evolved throughout the Western Civilization? Democracy is a system of government. Throughout Western civilization, it has appeared in Athens, Greece, Persia, and Roman Republic. In the fifth century, the Greek city-state of Athens created the first political system created. And democracy in the Western civilization has made an impact on how our political systems work today. The evolution of democracy is very important. In the eighth century, GreeksRead MorePlato s Critique Of Democracy1768 Words   |  8 Pageshis beloved mentor Socrates, Plato criticized the regime of his time (Athenian democracy). He sought to draft his own representation of the ideal constitution, outlined and explained in his work Republic. 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Hospitality Management Organizational Psychology

Question: Describe about the Hospitality Management for Organizational Psychology. Answer: Introduction Importance of Delegation Olivia should accept that she cant do everything on her own and this will be the first step towards delegating tasks. It should not be a question of the more delegation, the better, which could lead to loss of control but rather the challenge of her delegating properly, and effectively the tasks that she wants to and can delegate(Preenen, van Vianen and de Pater 2014). Some of the importance of delegation includes: Olivia will have more time to do important Tasks By Olivia delegating some of the things that she does not need to do personally, she will at least be able to free up some of her time that will enable her to other important valuable tasks that only require her energy and experience. This will give her some time to plan and also increase her strategic capacity thus improving the systems of her boutique. Growth of the Team By delegating some of the duties to her staff, Olivia will help them to develop in their capacities hence making them also feel more valued in the business. It will also increase her teams job satisfaction and an opportunity to be successful and excel. It will make her business to prosper more(Evers, Hafkesbrink and Becke 2014). Fostering of efficiency and creativity By Olivia delegating some duties, she will be promoting teamwork that will bring in different points of view on how well to approach some tasks hence translating into increased productivity and efficiency(Lyons and Lyons 2016). Why Olivia does not want to delegate tasks Olivia fears delegating tasks because maybe she feels that it is more efficient if she handles most of the tasks on her own. It seems that she does not think that her supervisors are capable of doing what she does best; she fears that they might disappoint her. Delegation plan for Olivia Tasks not suitable to delegate Liaising with clients regarding their needs and updates contracts accordingly. Liaising with venues and suppliers and negotiates contracts for space, supplies, audiovisual equipment. Staff recruitment and selection. Ensure all SOPs and quality assurance principles are adhered to. Updating company SOPs. Conducts employee appraisals Handling complaints. Client needs Tasks that others can do in Olivers absence Conducting employee appraisals. Liaising with venues and suppliers and negotiates contracts for space, supplies, audiovisual equipment. Handles complaints. Client needs Tasks delegated permanently Checking room layout prior to event and that all materials, such as place cards, nametags, packages, gift bags, registration lists, etc. are prepared. Checking audiovisual equipment, signage and dcor meet quality expectations. Client needs Ensuring all staff arrive on time and are in full uniform. Organizes replacement staff in case of absenteeism. Organizing event bookings and contracts. Conducting research making site visits and finding resources to help with decisions about event possibilities. Creating and revising room layouts for each event. Creating event run sheets to ensure the smooth flow of the event. Organizing staff rosters. Preparing budgets and provides periodic progress reports to the event director. Conducting pre/post-shift meetings. Monitoring staff on shift Training of new and existing staff when necessary Checking staff time cards and that labor costs comply with budget. Tasks not being done but can be delegated Updating the company website. Marketing How Olivia can determine delegation of duties to the staff Picking the right person: Olivia should know that picking the wrong person for a key task can make that task not to be successful. Matching the requirements of the job with the abilities of the staff: Olivia should make sure the staff being delegated the task has the right capability for the job. Delegating to the staff a clear outcome that is expected: Olivia should explain to the staff what she expects to be done and also the reason for undertaking the task. How Olivia can give Instructions effectively For Olivia to give effective instructions, she must consider some of these measures: Being specific and clear. Give alternatives incase her instructions fail. Set boundaries. Give specific time frames. Seek clarification from the staff to make sure they have understood the instructions well. Why staffs resist taking delegated tasks The staff resist delegation of tasks because may be they feel that they have not been trained on how to handle the tasks that are being delegated to them hence there is fear of failure among the staff. Olivia should embark on training her staff. This will give them confidence to handle any delegated tasks more efficiently without fear of failure(Dobrajska, Billinger and Karim 2015). What Olivia should do to ensure delegated tasks are successfully implemented Olivia should start by specifying the outcome that she desires to her supervisors that she has delegated the tasks. Another thing, Oliver should do, is to also provide sufficient support to the staff, identify the limits, and establish controls and finally Oliver must resist an upward delegation at all cost. After a task is completed, it is important for her to give recognition where it is deserved. Time management Strategies Olivia can effectively manage her time by: Knowing how to spend it. Setting her priorities right. Using a planning tool. Avoiding procrastination. Managing her external time wasters. Scheduling her time well. Consequences of ineffective time management Inefficient flow of work in Olivias business. It may lead to wasted time: She must work hard to avoid anything that distracts her from achieving her goals. Missing of deadlines; Olivia can avoid this by prioritizing her tasks i.e. those that are urgent and those that do not need any urgency. Poor Quality: If there is no proper time management, this may lead to poor outcome of tasks. Monitoring Strategies that Olivia can use Watching the employees using her own eyes and see how they work. Asking for an account of what they have done in her absence. Asking her employees to use self-monitoring tools like project plans or activity logs. Reviewing her staff work in progress. Doing her own intelligence by gathering information about her staff. Conclusion It is important for Olivia to realize that if she really wants her business to be more successful then she will have to involve her staff in achieving this. By involving them, her business is bound to even experience more growth. In addition, by offloading some of the tasks that can be done by the staff, she will have more time to manage her business more effectively without much stress. References Preenen, P., van Vianen, A. and de Pater, I., 2014. Challenging tasks: The role of employees' and supervisors' goal orientations.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(1), pp.48-61. Dobrajska, M., Billinger, S. and Karim, S., 2015. Delegation within hierarchies: How information processing and knowledge characteristics influence the allocation of formal and real decision authority.Organization Science,26(3), pp.687-704. Evers, J., Hafkesbrink, J. and Becke, G., 2014. Balancing efficiency, quality of work and service qualityMeasuring the productivity of social services. Cockpit soziale Dienstleistungen. Gestaltung der Produktivitt durch Balance von Effizienz, Untersttzungsqualitt und Arbeitsqualitt, pp.19-46. Lyons, P.R. and Lyons, P.R., 2016. Helping managers to more effectively delegate authority.Human Resource Management International Digest, 24(6), pp.1-3.

The U.S. Counterintelligence free essay sample

With the rumor of a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union circling the globe, the United States created a strict intelligence campaign known as the Venona Program to monitor Soviet diplomatic actions. Decryption of what was thought to be Soviet diplomatic messages revealed an extensive Soviet espionage network that was functioning within the United States. These cables linked this espionage to the Soviet â€Å"secret police† the Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB). This caused a transformation of the Venona Program into a counter-intelligence network aimed at warding off this highly effective Soviet espionage attack. Unfortunately, the success of the Venona Program was undermined by the United States lack of internal security, as Soviet agents rose into the high ranks of both the United States government and global military research divisions unchecked. With origins dating back to the creation of the Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), the effectiveness of the United States intelligence program has been relatively successful in its duties. We will write a custom essay sample on The U.S. Counterintelligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The establishment of the SIS in 1929 set the stage for cryptanalysis that would ultimately lead to allied victory during World War II, as the Pacific theatre was opened up by the â€Å"cracking† of Japanese â€Å"Purple† code. However, the true success of the United States intelligence program is only seen through close scrutiny of its counter-intelligence program. As the events of World War II became increasingly volatile, a fear was growing in the United States State as well as War Department that an alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviets would allow the Axis (Germany, Italy, and Japan) to focus its attacks solely on the U. S.. This paranoia spurred the creation of a United States counter-intelligence program that would ultimately transform this paranoia within the government into widespread panic. The counter-intelligence program was started in 1943 by Colonel Carter Clark of Army Intelligence (G2), with its authority placed under the control of the SIS. It was formed to provide intelligence on Soviet military and diplomatic actions. Its highly trained team of linguists, code specialists, and school teachers were charged with decrypting Soviet encrypted cables. However, the task was one that was virtually impossible. Soviet encryption was an ingenious process that involved use of a one-time pad known as a Petsamo Codebook. Its two step cipher required the cipher clerk to transfer his message into a set of four digit numbers assigned to specific letter groups. The groups were then combined into five letter groups by taking one number from the group following it. Using a one-time pad an additional number was added that could later be taken out by the receiver of the message who also used an identical one-time pad. The clerk then placed the numbers from the codebook beneath the numbers of the text and found their sum. In the final step, the clerk converted the five number groups into five letter groups by substituting Latin letters. When done correctly this process is unbreakable. However, with the lack of computers to generate a series of numbers on the one-time pads in coupling with the high demand for the pads caused by a Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (USSR), pages were often duplicated. After eight months of work Lieutenant Richard Hallock, a peacetime archeologist, discovered these lapses in the Soviet cryptographic system. The reuse of these one-time pads began the slow and tedious process of decrypting soviet cables. This discovery opened what would later be called â€Å"the Pandora’s Box of Troubles. † The program continued, and as hundreds of Soviet messages were painstakingly decrypted, a vital discovery was made. The messages that had been thought to be Soviet diplomatic cables were not diplomatic at all. The cables were found to be messages between KGB residences in the United States addressed to the Communist Directorate in Moscow. The discovery was appalling. Thus the cables were linked to a Soviet espionage network in the United States. The fears of Communist supplanting Democracy originally produced by the Red Scare of 1918 were ultimately reality. Through sweat-and-brow translation, the SIS discovered that 5 different Soviet cryptographic systems were in use. One was used for each of the following: trade representatives, diplomats, KGB, GRU (Soviet Army General Staff Intelligence Directorate), and GRU Naval; however, most of the decrypts were made from KGB cables. In December 1946, Meredith Gardner, the principle translator and analyst for the SIS decrypted a message which contained the leading scientists on the Manhattan Project (the creation of the atomic bomb). Although the message was two years old, a series of messages containing top secret information were decrypted in the months between January and May 1947. Someone inside the War Department General Staff was providing information to the Soviets. The Venona Program was quickly converted from intelligence to counter-intelligence. Unfortunately, although the messages were being partially if not completely decrypted, the Soviets used such an intricate system of covernames that it was impossible to identify the Soviet field officers who were being addressed. The covernames used were often from mythology, Russian names, and even fish. For instance, Roosevelt was fittingly assigned the covername â€Å"Kapitan,† or translated in English â€Å"captain. † The close connection between the Soviet espionage network, â€Å"The Red Orchestra,† and the KGB caused panic within the United States government as an extreme threat of Communism was now visible. The KGB was a highly effective force of Soviet intelligence. Each residence of the KGB, which had locations in places such as New York and San Francisco, reported directly to the First Chief Directorate (FCD) led by General Pavel Fitin in Moscow. Their role as the â€Å"secret police† of the Soviet Union allowed them to quickly infiltrate high positions within the United States government. The KGB officers were often referred to as â€Å"workers† or â€Å"cadre,† most of which came illegally to the United States, smuggled by merchant ships. Ironically, smuggling of espionage agents was occurring through the Lend-Lease act, in which the United States loaned the USSR weaponry with which to battle Germany. Soviet crews of seamen and officers who were sent to be trained on how to operate U. S. machinery were often Soviet espionage agents who would then infiltrate the U. S.. The KGB had a strong connection with the American Communist Party, and recruited a number of members from within their ranks. A decrypted letter from Communist International (Comintern) proved the KGB connection to both Comintern and the National Communist Parties. The Daily Worker, the newspaper of the American Communist Party often had hidden recruitment statements to promote involvement of its members as KGB spies. In 1952, under the National Security Act the National Security Agency (NSA) was created in a responsive effort by Harry S. Truman to reverse his dissolution of U. S. Intelligence Services after World War II. With headquarters at Arlington Hall Station, a converted women’s college, the NSA staff hired a handful of highly trained code specialists, school teachers and linguists, similar in structure to its predecessor the SIS. The NSA took over the counter-intelligence program and continued the decryption of Soviet cables with the help of rapidly evolving technological advances that included an electronic decryption machine, the Bombe. In 1961, the program which had been known by such names as Bride, Bourbon, Whiskey and Drug was finally renamed its existing name, Venona Program. The effects of the Venona Program were not seen fully until its involvement in the struggle between Democracy and Communism during the Cold War. With the capturing of Elizabeth Bentley, a handler of espionage agents and member of the Communist Party underground along with the defection of Igor Gouzenko another rogue agent, the Venona Program finally had all of its wheels turning. Their testimony revealed the identity of a handful of Soviet agents and led to their arrest. With their help, the process of connecting codename to field officer began. Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and British intelligence (MI-5) became involved. Maurice Halperin, head of the research section of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), provided the Soviets with intelligence on every major codebreak that was made by United States counter-intelligence services. Furthermore, Roosevelt’s most trusted advisor Lauchlin Currie warned the KGB residencies of developments in FBI investigations of Soviet agents. The KGB was able to give these agents ample warning so that they would not only be able to escape further detection, but also continue their work without need to defect to the USSR. Alger Hiss was another Soviet espionage agent in existence within the high ranks of the government. His actions provided the Soviets with intelligence of the Allies negotiating status during World War II, as well as setting the playing field for hegemony and later shielding Communism from outside influence by the Iron Curtain, the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary separating Communism from Democracy. With this information the USSR was able to counter U. S. negotiating abilitieslater they could call military bluffs during the Cold War. William Perl, a young aeronautical scientist for the United States Air Force research division provided the KGB directorate in Moscow with intelligence on the creation and implementation of jet engine and aircraft innovation. His work was so successful that during the Korean War, it was suspicious that not only was the Soviet MIG-15 equal to the United States fighter planes, it was in fact far more advanced. These research discoveries were in coupling with one of the most detrimental espionage attacks ever conducted upon U. S. soil. The Manhattan Project was the most common covername for research in the capabilities of harnessing atomic energy to be used for creation of a bomb. The atomic bomb was a technology that ultimately brought end to World War II. Its complex formula of extracting weapons grade uranium from normal uranium was top secret. However, a major espionage attack upon the Manhattan Project had begun. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, both American citizens and firm constituents of the American Communists Party, worked to pass the secrets of atomic energy. In coalition with Ethel’s brother David Greenglass, a mechanic who was working on the project, Julius and his wife helped pass on information about the American â€Å"super weapon,† the atomic bomb. Two other physicists of the project, Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall also contributed in providing Soviet’s intelligence on the subject. Specifically, they were involved in the transmission of the formula for extracting weapons grade uranium from normal uranium, as well as providing techniques for the implosion of the particles. The espionage attack even went as far to provide technical plans of the production facilities. Ultimately, this attack on the project was the reason that the Soviets were able to create their own atomic bomb so fast. Their ability to produce atomic bombs allowed the USSR to parry United States atomic bomb threats and caused hundreds of thousands of casualties attributed to the Korean War. Had the United States been able to counter Soviet espionage, the Korean War could have been easily diverted for the Soviet would be no match for U. S. technological advances. The testimony of the two Soviet agents ultimately called for the arrest of 349 U. S. citizens, 200 of which were at the top of the Washington bureaucracy. There were so many spies in the government that secrets had not really been secrets at all. It was a paradox of interests with a lot of finger pointing. Ultimately the Venona Program was so secret that even President Truman was unknowing of its existence (ironically he was the one who lobbied for its institution). However, since the Venona Program was held as above top secret, the decision not to release its translations made conviction of Soviet espionage agents tough. Even as many were sentenced to the death penalty, many doubted their guilt. The NSA was also held under such top secret conditions that it was often labeled â€Å"No Such Agency. † The Venona Program was nicknamed the â€Å"sacred secret† for the importance it held in identifying the amount of espionage that was occurring in the United States; only the select few who were on what became known as the â€Å"Bigot List† ever knew of its existence. The effectiveness of the Venona Program is particularly tough to analyze. The cryptanalysis that was occurring allowed he United States to pinpoint Soviet espionage attack. Unfortunately, the thoroughness of Soviet ciphers made the task of code breaking extremely difficult. Even though over 3000 cables were broken in the entirety of the Venona Program that is relatively nothing compared with the total number of messages sent by espionage agents. However, the Venona Program was responsible for the arrest and conviction of o ver 200 Soviet spies who were scattered in both the bureaucracy of Washington and the high ranking offices of military research divisions. Without the discovery of these infiltrators the Cold War would have taken on a vastly different persona. Soviet agents such as Alger Hiss, who had revealed America’s negotiating status to the Soviets, if undetected could have been able to provided intelligence on which American threats were bluffs. Furthermore, had the existence of Soviet agents in the military research divisions not been revealed, the Soviet’s would have been able to counter ever new discovery that was produced on United States soil, just as they had done for the atomic bomb. The true success of the Venona Program cannot be judged righteously without first examining the effectiveness of the Soviet espionage campaign. Soviet agents were able to infiltrate some highest agencies and programs which were in existence within the United States. Their system of gathering intelligence was so effective that even with every analyst in the NSA working on breaking their ciphers, they were always one step behind. Oliver Kirby, former operations director of the NSA recounts his views on Soviet intelligence: â€Å"Only through Venona do you get some idea of how thoroughly and how successfully Soviet Intelligence infiltrated the United States, Venona is the tip of the iceberg because we were only able to read a portion of the traffic. We found a couple hundred names and we still do not know who all of them are. † The Venona Program was only able to reveal the existence of a handful of Soviet agents who played an active role in the Soviet espionage ring. The few messages it did decrypt were often so outdated due to the time it took to translate each individual message, that the decrypts were basically worthless. While the Venona Program failed to counter the barrage of Soviet espionage that was taking place, it was successful on one account. The discovery of these agents allowed the United States to be more cautious in its actions and understand the true nature of Soviet diplomacy. During the Cold War, the United States could efficiently prevent direct attack upon American soil by assuring that espionage agents would not be able to report their diplomatic and military status back to Moscow. William Crowell, a deputy director who was brought onto the Venona Program in the early 1960s revealed the distinction between success and failure in cryptanalysis in his statement that â€Å"That distinctionbetween providing information that can make a differenceand using information to make a difference is still an important one and certainly applies to the results that were achieved in the successful breaking of the codes and ciphers known as VENONA. † In conclusion, the Venona Program was engaged in an ultimately insurmountable battle with Soviet espionage system and its effectiveness was undermined by the vulnerability of the United States to outside attack. The NSA played a crucial role in revealing the existence of these agents, but was powerless to prevent further intrusion by outside agents. The pain-staking work it took to understand the identity of just one agent was time enough for dozens of additional agents to infiltrate American agencies. The never ending process of cryptanalysis was unable to prevent or halt Soviet espionage; it was only effective in bringing caution into the United States in a way that hadn’t been seen since the Red Scare in 1918-21. The Venona Program’s above top secret classification made it the greatest secret of the Cold War, and was responsible for confirming the guilt of the Rosenberg’s and Albert Hiss, supporting claims against Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley, and â€Å"sparking off molehunts on three continents. †