Muslim Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muslim - Annotated Bibliography Example This article explains the in-depth knowledge on the experience the Muslim youths in Canada who wants to maintain their Islamic culture face from the dominant culture. The article also shows how Muslim students are able to negotiate and maintain their religious culture within secular public schools. A 22 year old student by the name Karim from Pakistan who were educated in Canadian school explains the struggles between conformity and resistance as a process of maintaining its identity. He explains that ‘it is challenging to live in a white society trying to be accepted while at the same time struggling to practice Islam, in his experience he found out that it takes many years to build up. The article contains information on the challenges the Muslim students goes through in Canadian schools and how they are able to negotiate and maintain their culture within the secular institutions. The author of this article explains the ethno-religious oppression facing the Muslim girls studying at gender segregated Islamic schools, how the young girls reside at the nexus of dual oppression, confronting racism and Islamophobia in the society, also withstanding the patriarchal types of religious oppression in their communities. One example that supports this oppression is banning of hijab in public schools in France. The article contains the information on gendering Islamophobia, the politics of veiling, and veiling in public and Islamic schools, and their challenges. The article talks about postcolonial and transnational theories and post 9/11 disposition as frameworks for finding out the live experience of Muslim immigrants youths in US public schools, and how Muslims youths are viewed after the 9/11 attack. The 9/11 attack has had a repercussion on the lives of Muslims students in US. The attack led to islamphobia hysteria and provoked the war on terror, this has led into the formation of Islamic

Syncretism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Syncretism - Essay Example In china the followers of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism actively borrowed from each other in a mutual fashion to achieve syncretism commonly known as "sanjiao heyi† meaning the â€Å"Unity of the three teachings†. Ancient Chinese believed that the three religions merged into one creed and that all the three religions should be believed and followed (Gallager 105). Through syncretism the major differences between the different religions disappears or the adherents choose to adapt the differences into their way of religion avoiding contradictions in the sencretised worship. Syncretism is unique in that it differs from the major doctrines that explain interaction of different religions; syncretism is not ecumenism which employs the belief that truth is universal. In syncretism every religion retains its fundamental beliefs and perceptions that define it. Syncretism does not seek to accommodate the religious practices of another religion but rather fully integrates the religion completely. Neither does syncretism involve integrating the other religions into one to reinforce the deficiencies and weaknesses of the individual religions (D'Costa 19). Before the Tang dynasty, the three distinct schools of thought tried successfully to remain distinct and pure from the influences of the other religions. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism developed distinctively different and independent schools of thought, organization and ritual practices that was logical. Each religion had a different and a unique message to communicate to the society about the conduct of lif e. Syncretism of the three religions purposed to teach people to be good .They were mainly practiced by the elite’s intellectuals of the Chinese people who could be able to read, understand and translate the texts of the three doctrines. In the shengxue Zonglun text (Basic treatises on learning of the sages), the author states that the three teachings are one teaching and that the teaching of the three halls have changed because of false transmission. The author had an issue that the work was largely of Confucian doctrine aimed at destabilizing Buddhist and Taoist fundamental doctrines. This illustrates that syncretism indeed incorporated various aspects of the three religions as seen in this text which did not auger well with strong adherents of the religions who did not assent to syncretism. The unity of the three teaching was demonstrated by a practice of joint worship that incorporated cults and symbols from the other religious deities. The ‘chongful’ monaste ry had both Confucian and Buddhist traditions and religious practices. Worshippers would follow the state sanctioned cults and seek divination from the Confucian religion in a Buddhist monastery. In the sixteenth and seventieth century, the monks in the upper Tianzhu monastery constructed more than five halls of worship to non Buddhist deities. They constructed the shrine to the lingering beneficence of master Lei for the Taoist adherents. They also constructed the shrine of the three officials who protect the sage in 1574, which honored the Taoist deities of heaven, earth, and water that oversaw human actions from the underground. Many other Taoist shrines were constructed in the Buddhist monastery and they were fully functional without any disagreements, they coexisted peacefully and hence this suggests that the two religions had a functional syncretised way of worship that fully integrated Taoist and Buddhism. Joint worship of Buddha, Lao Zi and Confucius was commonly practiced i n the mid -Ming period. Though the state did not